Contents

• I. Introduction
  • 1. Introduction
    1. Scope of This Manual
    2. Definition of Terms
    3. Status of this document
  • 2. Monte Carlo Methods
    1. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 3. Transportation
  
  
• II. Particle Decay
  • 4. Decay
    1. Mean Free Path for Decay in Flight
    2. Branching Ratios and Decay Channels
       1. G4PhaseSpaceDecayChannel
       2. G4DalitzDecayChannel
       3. Muon Decay
       4. Leptonic Tau Decay
       5. Kaon Decay
    3. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  
  
• III. Electromagnetic Interactions
  • 5. Particle Transport
    1. The Interaction Length or Mean Free Path
    2. Determination of the Interaction Point
    3. Updating the Particle Lifetime
    4. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 6. Gamma Incident
    1. PhotoElectric effect
       1. Cross Section and Mean Free Path
       2. Final State
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    2. Compton scattering
       1. Cross Section and Mean Free Path
       2. Sampling the Final State
       3. Validity
       4. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    3. Gamma Conversion into an Electron - Positron Pair
       1. Cross Section and Mean Free Path
       2. Final State
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    4. Gamma Conversion into a Muon - Anti-muon Pair
       1. Cross Section and Energy Sharing
       2. Parameterization of the Total Cross Section
       3. Multi-differential Cross Section and Angular Variables
       4. Procedure for the Generation of Muon - Anti-muon Pairs
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
  • 7. Common to All Charged Particles
    1. Computing the Mean Energy Loss
       1. Method
       2. Implementation Details
       3. Energy Loss by Heavy Charged Particles
       4. Status of this document
    2. Energy loss fluctuations
       1. Fluctuations in thick absorbers
       2. Fluctuations in thin absorbers
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    3. Correcting the cross section for energy variation
       1. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    4. Conversion from range to kinetic energy
       1. Charged particles
       2. Photons
       3. Status of this document
    5. Multiple Scattering
       1. Introduction
       2. Definition of Terms
       3. Path Length Correction
       4. Angular Distribution
       5. Determination of the Model Parameters
       6. Nuclear Size Effects
       7. The MSC Process in Geant4
       8. Boundary Crossing Algorithm
       9. Implementation Details
       10. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    6. Transition Radiation
       1. The Relationship of Transition Radiation to X-ray Cherenkov Radiation
       2. Calculating the X-ray Transition Radiation Yield
       3. Simulating X-ray Transition Radiation Production
       4. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    7. Scintillation
       1. Status of this document
    8. Cerenkov Effect
       1. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    9. Photoabsorption Ionization Model
       1. Cross Section for Ionizing Collisions
       2. Energy Loss Simulation
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    10. Photoabsorption Cross Section at Low Energies
        1. Method
        2. Status of this document
        • Bibliography
  • 8. Electron Incident
    1. Ionization
       1. Method
       2. Continuous Energy Loss
       3. Total Cross Section per Atom and Mean Free Path
       4. Simulation of Delta-ray Production
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    2. Bremsstrahlung
       1. Cross Section and Energy Loss
       2. Simulation of Discrete Bremsstrahlung
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    3. Positron - Electron Annihilation
       1. Introduction
       2. Cross Section and Mean Free Path
       3. Sampling the final state
       4. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    4. Positron - Electron Annihilation into Muon - Anti-muon
       1. Total Cross Section
       2. Sampling of Energies and Angles
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    5. Synchrotron Radiation
       1. Spectral and Angular Distributions of Synchrotron Radiation
       2. Simulating Synchrotron Radiation
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
  • 9. Muon Incident
    1. Ionization
       1. Method
       2. Continuous Energy Loss
       3. Total Cross Section per Atom and Mean Free Path
       4. Simulating Delta-ray Production
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    2. Bremsstrahlung
       1. Differential Cross Section
       2. Continuous Energy Loss
       3. Total Cross Section
       4. Sampling
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    3. Muon Photonuclear Interaction
       1. Differential Cross Section
       2. Sampling
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    4. Positron - Electron Pair Production by Muons
       1. Differential Cross Section
       2. Total Cross Section and Restricted Energy Loss
       3. Sampling of Positron - Electron Pair Production
       4. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
  • 10. Charged Hadron Incident
    1. Ionization
       1. Method
       2. Continuous Energy Loss
       3. Total Cross Section per Atom and Mean Free Path
       4. Simulating Delta-ray Production
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
  • 11. Low Energy Extensions
    1. Introduction
       1. Physics
       2. Data Sources
       3. Distribution of the Data Sets
       4. Calculation of Total Cross Sections
       5. Sampling of Relevant Physics Quantities
       6. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    2. Compton Scattering
       1. Total Cross Section
       2. Sampling of the Final State
       3. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    3. Compton Scattering by Linearly Polarized Gamma Rays
       1. The Cross Section
       2. Angular Distribution
       3. Polarization Vector
       4. Unpolarized Photons
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    4. Rayleigh Scattering
       1. Total Cross Section
       2. Sampling of the Final State
       3. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
    5. Gamma Conversion
       1. Total cross-section
       2. Sampling of the final state
       3. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    6. Photoelectric effect
       1. Total cross-section
       2. Sampling of the final state
       3. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    7. Bremsstrahlung
       1. Bremsstrahlung angular distributions
       2. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    8. Electron ionisation
       1. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    9. Atomic relaxation
       1. Fluorescence
       2. Auger process
       3. Status of the document
       • Bibliography
    10. Hadron and Ion Ionisation
        1. Delta-ray production
        2. Energy Loss of Fast Hadrons
        3. Barkas and Bloch effects
        4. Energy losses of slow positive hadrons
        5. Energy loss of alpha particles
        6. Effective charge of ions
        7. Energy losses of slow negative particles
        8. Energy losses of hadrons in compounds
        9. Nuclear stopping powers
        10. Fluctuations of energy losses of hadrons
        11. Sampling
        12. PIXE
        13. Status of this document
        • Bibliography
    11. Penelope physics
        1. Introduction
        2. Compton scattering
        3. Rayleigh scattering
        4. Gamma conversion
        5. Photoelectric effect
        6. Bremsstrahlung
        7. Ionisation
        8. Positron Annihilation
        9. Status of the document
        • Bibliography
  • 12. Optical Photons
    1. Interactions of optical photons
       1. Physics processes for optical photons
       2. Photon polarization
       3. Tracking of the photons
       • Bibliography
  • 13. Shower Parameterizations
    1. Gflash Shower Parameterizations
       1. Parameterization Ansatz
       2. Longitudinal Shower Profiles
       3. Radial Shower Profiles
       4. Gflash Performance
       5. Status of this document
       • Bibliography
  
  
• IV. Hadronic Interactions
  • 14. Lepton Hadron Interactions
    1. G4MuonNucleusProcess
       1. Cross Section Calculation
    2. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 15. Cross Sections in Photonuclear and Electronuclear Reactions
    1. Approximation of Photonuclear Cross Sections.
    2. Electronuclear Cross Sections and Reactions
       1. Common Notation for Different Approaches to Electronuclear Reactions
    3. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 16. Total Reaction Cross Section in Nucleus-nucleus Reactions
    1. Sihver Formula
    2. Kox and Shen Formulae
    3. Tripathi formula
    4. Representative Cross Sections
    5. Tripathi Formula for "light" Systems
    6. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 17. Coherent Elastic Scattering
    1. Nucleon-Nucleon elastic Scattering
  • 18. Hadron-nucleus Elastic Scattering at Medium and High Energy.
    1. Method of Calculation
    2. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 19. Interactions of Stopping Particles
    1. Complementary parameterised and theoretical treatment
       1. Pion absorption at rest
       • Bibliography
  • 20. Parametrization Driven Models
    1. Introduction
    2. Low Energy Model
    3. High Energy Model
       1. Initial Interaction
       2. Intra-nuclear Cascade
       3. High Energy Cascading
       4. High Energy Cluster Production
       5. Medium Energy Cascading
       6. Medium Energy Cluster Production
       7. Elastic and Quasi-elastic Scattering
    4. Status of this document
  • 21. Leading Particle Bias
    1. Overview
    2. Method
       1. Inclusive hadron production
       2. Sampling of energy and emission angle of the secondary
       3. Sampling statistical weight
    3. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 22. Parton String Model
    1. Reaction initial state simulation.
       1. Allowed projectiles and bombarding energy range for interaction with nucleon and nuclear targets.
       2. MC initialization procedure for nucleus.
       3. Random choice of the impact parameter.
    2. Sample of collision participants in nuclear collisions.
       1. MC procedure to define collision participants.
       2. Separation of hadron diffraction excitation.
    3. Longitudinal string excitation
       1. Hadron-nucleon inelastic collision
       2. The diffractive string excitation
       3. The string excitation by parton exchange
       4. Transverse momentum sampling
       5. Sampling x-plus and x-minus
       6. The diffractive string excitation
       7. The string excitation by parton rearrangement
    4. Longitudinal string decay.
       1. Hadron production by string fragmentation.
       2. The hadron formation time and coordinate.
    5. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 23. Chiral Invariant Phase Space Decay.
    1. Introduction
    2. Fundamental Concepts
    3. Code Development
    4. Nucleon-Antinucleon Annihilation at Rest
       1. Meson Production
       2. Baryon Production
    5. Nuclear Pion Capture at Rest and Photonuclear Reactions Below the Delta(3,3) Resonance
    6. Modeling of real and virtual photon interactions with nuclei below pion production threshold.
    7. Chiral invariant phase-space decay in high energy hadron nuclear reactions
    8. Neutrino-nuclear interactions
    9. Conclusion.
    10. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 24. Bertini Intranuclear Cascade Model in GEANT4
    1. Introduction
    2. The Geant4 Cascade Model
       1. Model Limits
       2. Intranuclear Cascade Model
       3. Nuclear Model
       4. Pre-equilibrium Model
       5. Break-up models
       6. Evaporation Model
    3. Implementation
    4. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 25. The GEANT4 Binary Cascade
    1. Modeling overview
       1. The transport algorithm
       2. The description of the target nucleus and fermi motion
       3. Optical and phenomenological potentials
       4. Pauli blocking simulation
       5. The scattering term
       6. Total inclusive cross-sections
       7. Channel cross-sections
       8. Mass dependent resonance width and partial width
       9. Resonance production cross-section in the t-channel
       10. Nucleon Nucleon elastic collisions
       11. Generation of transverse momentum
       12. Decay
       13. The escaping particle and coherent effects
       14. Light ion reactions
       15. Transition to pre-compound modeling
       16. Calculation of excitation energies and residuals
    2. Comparison with experiments
    • Bibliography
  • 26. Abrasion-ablation Model
    1. Introduction
    2. Initial nuclear dynamics and impact parameter
    3. Abrasion process
    4. Abraded nucleon spectrum
    5. De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by standard Geant4 de-excitation physics
    6. De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by nuclear ablation
    7. Definition of the functions P and F used in the abrasion model
    8. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 27. Electromagnetic Dissociation Model
    1. The Model
    2. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 28. Precompound Model
    1. Reaction initial state.
    2. Simulation of pre-compound reaction
       1. Statistical equilibrium condition
       2. Level density of excited (n-exciton) states
       3. Transition probabilities
       4. Emission probabilities for nucleons
       5. Emission probabilities for complex fragments
       6. The total probability
       7. Calculation of kinetic energies for emitted particle
       8. Parameters of residual nucleus.
    3. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 29. Evaporation Model
    1. Introduction.
    2. Model description.
       1. Cross sections for inverse reactions.
       2. Coulomb barriers.
       3. Level densities.
       4. Maximum energy available for evaporation.
       5. Total decay width.
    3. GEM Model
    4. Fission probability calculation.
       1. The fission total probability.
       2. The fission barrier.
    5. The Total Probability for Photon Evaporation
       1. Energy of evaporated photon
    6. Discrete photon evaporation
    7. Internal conversion electron emission
       1. Multipolarity
       2. Binding energy
       3. Isotopes
    • Bibliography
  • 30. Fission Model
    1. Reaction initial state.
    2. Fission process simulation.
       1. Atomic number distribution of fission products.
       2. Charge distribution of fission products.
       3. Kinetic energy distribution of fission products.
       4. Calculation of the excitation energy of fission products.
       5. Excited fragment momenta.
    • Bibliography
  • 31. Fermi Break-up Model
    1. Fermi break-up simulation for light nuclei.
       1. Allowed channel.
       2. Break-up probability.
       3. Fermi break-up model parameter.
       4. Fragment characteristics.
       5. MC procedure.
    • Bibliography
  • 32. Multifragmentation Model
    1. Multifragmentation process simulation.
       1. Multifragmentation probability.
       2. Direct simulation of the low multiplicity multifragment disintegration.
       3. Fragment multiplicity distribution.
       4. Atomic number distribution of fragments.
       5. Charge distribution of fragments.
       6. Kinetic energy distribution of fragments.
       7. Calculation of the fragment excitation energies.
    • Bibliography
  • 33. Low Energy Neutron Interactions
    1. Introduction
    2. Physics and Verification
       1. Inclusive Cross-sections
       2. Elastic Scattering
       3. Radiative Capture
       4. Fission
       5. Inelastic Scattering
    3. High Precision Models and Low Energy Parameterized Models
    4. Summary
    5. Status of this document
    • Bibliography
  • 34. Radioactive Decay
    1. The Radioactive Decay Module
    2. Sampling
       1. Biasing Methods
    3. Status of this document
    • Bibliography